Rome. Selective breeding is used to hereditarily encourage beneficial characteristics on both animals and plants. The Advantages of Selective Breeding. Studies revealed that identifying and pre-screening particular diseases allows farmers to control them. Hybrid vigor resulting from interspecific crosses in allopolyploids is one of the most exploited advantages of polyploid in plant breeding. It does not have control over genetic mutations. Selective breeding might be able to hasten the good traits of the evolutionary process, but it can do nothing when it comes to the bad traits. 500 Cutest Dachshund Names for a Girl or Boy Puppy Dog, Top 500 Golden Retriever Names for a Female or Male Puppy, 301 Great Pyrenees Dog Names for a Female or Male Puppy, 500 Cutest Yorkie Names for a Girl or Boy Puppy Dog, Golden Pyrenees Guide: 26 Facts About the Great Pyrenees Golden Retriever Mix, German Shepherd Great Pyrenees Mix Guide: 27 Things to Know About the Germanees, German Shepherd Akita Corgi Mix: 26 Things Every Owner Should Know, Chihuahua German Shepherd Mix Guide: 25 Things to Know About a Chihuahua Shepherd, Alaskan Shepherd Guide: 29 Things Every Owner Should Know, Blue Heeler German Shepherd Mix: 26 Things Every Owner Should Know. December 16, 2019 July 12, 2017 by Louise Gaille. [42] The Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) causes mortalities of 70% or more in shrimps. Darwin used artificial selection as a springboard to introduce and support the theory of natural selection.[2]. [33] More recently, the response of the Channel Catfish to selection for improved growth rate was found to be approximately 80%, i.e., an average of 13% per generation. Selective breeding of animals has led to new breeds of domestic animals, genetically suited to specific tasks. Indeed, dog breeding can be done in two different ways: naturally – let the dogs mate whoever they want, when they want; selectively – decide that this dog will breed that dog for our own human reasons; Selective breeding in dogs simply means the partners are selected by the breeder who will make sure both dogs will mate together. History. In: Tiews, K. ... people have been domesticating and breeding animals and plants. If it happens that a group of animals or plants with the same genetic traits are attacked by a particular pathogen, their entire population would certainly suffer. Because humans are breeding different species for a particular trait, this can lead to a risk of losing some of the other genes from the genetic pool, which is altogether very difficult to bring back. Table 1. The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. 1. 4. He also bred the Improved Black Cart horse, which later became the Shire horse. And as this would happen, living organisms may express the same vulnerability to certain pathogens. By weighing the advantages and disadvantages listed above, you can come together to find a solution that helps the world with meeting its needs into the future. 3. At the end of the experiment, artificially selected C. virginica showed a 34–48% higher survival rate. Verdict on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Factory Farming Factory farming is a necessity in some ways because of our need for food. Domesticated animals are known as breeds, normally bred by a professional breeder, while domesticated plants are known as varieties, cultigens, cultivars, or breeds. As previously mentioned, selective breeding would risk changing the evolution of the species. (2002) conducted a selective breeding program on the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei at The Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, USA from 1995 to 1998. 3. For example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the intentional selection of larger seeds. “Eugenics” is a term loaded with historical significance and a strong negative valence. (2003) selectively bred the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, for resistance against co-occurring parasites Haplosporidium nelson (MSX) and Perkinsus marinus (Dermo). Flowers, vegetables and fruit-trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non-commercial professionals: major crops are usually the provenance of the professionals. They achieved satisfying results in two or three generations wherein survival rates approached levels before the outbreak of the disease. It helps eliminate diseases. The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. FAO. Thus, the breeder has to study different breeds and types of chickens and analyze what can be expected from a certain set of characteristics before he or she starts breeding them. However, there are disadvantages to this process. Selective breeding was established as a scientific practice by Robert Bakewell during the British Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century. Selected fish had a twice better growth rate, a 40% higher feed intake, and an increased protein and energy retention. Not only this, but selective breeding would also alters which traits are exhibited in subsequent plant generations by allowing only the plants with desired traits to breed, which would also cause other plants to be extinct. Plant breeding can be broadly defined as alterations caused in plants as a result of their use by humans, ranging from unintentional changes resulting from the advent of agriculture to the application of molecular tools for precision breeding. They can also produce plants with higher resistance to pests and diseases, not to mention the shorter period of time for harvest. The Advantages of Selective Breeding. The application of selective breeding comes with many advantages from the perspective of agricultural products. This phenomenon is proven by evidence seen in human populations, particularly in the Eastern European Jews, Cajun communities of Louisiana and some Old World population in the northeastern US. Such animals can be recorded with a breed registry, the organization that maintains pedigrees and/or stud books. Also, because of the necessity of selective breeding experiments to require maintaining the organisms tested in a lab or greenhouse, it is impractical to use this breeding method on many organisms. Arguably, his most important breeding program was with sheep. The results showed 66.6% mortality for low-resistant species whereas the high-resistant species showed 29.3% mortality compared to wild species. Figure 5.4 A comparison between the leaf and flower of a (A) diploid and (B) induced tetraploid watermelon illustrating the gigas effect. Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. Selective breeding is a direct way to determine if a specific trait can evolve in response to selection. Growth was seen to increase by 12–20% in selectively bred Iictalurus punctatus. Ragone Calvo et al. It is a way for him to naturally earn more income each year as he can breed specific characteristics into animals and plants to make them produce more over generations in the future, which is good for business. Selective breeding is used to hereditarily encourage beneficial characteristics on both animals and plants. 2007. Selective breeding has been a comfortable option on farming for many people, as it assures a process that will completely gave them superior types of products that are of high quality. It poses some environmental risks. Darwin used the term "artificial selection" twice in the 1859 first edition of his work On the Origin of Species, in Chapter IV: Natural Selection, and in Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory: Slow though the process of selection may be, if feeble man can do much by his powers of artificial selection, I can see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the co-adaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection. Serotonin plays a central role in cognition and is the target of most pharmaceuticals for psychiatric disorders. Most likely, there has been an interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant domestication. Breeders who are wanting to formulate particular animal traits might accidentally reproduce characteristics that are damaging to animal health. 7. [39], Selection for growth in Penaeid shrimps yielded successful results. For example, to breed chickens, a breeder typically intends to receive eggs, meat, and new, young birds for further reproduction. It can lead to loss of species variety. It is an active process that is seen in plants and animals today, but is said to be even possible for humans as well. 4. [40] Marsupenaeus japonicas showed a 10.7% increase in growth after the first generation. If these plants use more water, other plants around them would dry out, causing them to die and eventually taking away food and shelter for birds and insects. BibleThe Bible is a collection of religious texts or scriptures sacred to Christians, Jews, Samaritans, Rastafari and others. A study carried out by Culloty et al. 2. HeenemannVerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, pp. However, after his death, the Dishley Longhorn was replaced with short-horn versions. [17], Control of the reproduction cycle was one of the main reasons as it is a requisite for selective breeding programs. The advantages of sexual reproduction: ... humans can speed up natural selection through selective breeding, which can be used, for example, to increase food production. Studies in evolutionary physiology, behavioral genetics, and other areas of organismal biology have also made use of deliberate selective breeding, though longer generation times and greater difficulty in breeding can make these projects challenging in such vertebrates as house mice.[13][14][15]. 5. The advantages and disadvantages of selective breeding show that it can be a highly beneficial process that supports continuing life on our planet. Purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred stock for a certain purpose, or may intend to use some type of crossbreeding to produce a new type of stock with different, and, it is presumed, superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. A suspected reason associated with the late realisation of success in selective breeding programs in aquaculture was the education of the concerned people – researchers, advisory personnel and fish farmers. With this farming method, people will be able to produce higher amounts of crops. Its application will be described in the next section. 1. What did Darwin mean by the terms 'natural selection' and 'survival of the fittest'? C selective breeding 2. [21] Atlantic salmon have also been selected for resistance to bacterial and viral diseases. It is the management and care of animals in which the genetic qualities and behavior of animals are further developed for profit. For instance, dairy farmers can select cattle that give high milk quantities to reproduce, thus increasing their output levels. It allows for the creation of high-quality products. In 1700, the average weight of a bull sold for slaughter was 370 pounds (168 kg). Conventional breeding achieves it by crossing together plants with relevant characteristics, and selecting the offspring with the desired combination of characteristics, as a result of particular combinations of genes inherited from the two parents. By looking at the history of the species and what the current needs of nature are, then it will be easier to make consistently good decisions in this area. Successful outcomes led to development of Super Shrimp, a selected line of L. stylirostris that is resistant to IHHNV infection. 6. Thus, sooner or later, genetic diseases in plants and animals in the future will be eliminated. Take note that natural or organic farming does not always ensure best results, but there is one very good agricultural method for higher production—selective breeding. They achieved dual resistance to the disease in four generations of selective breeding. By 1786, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds (381 kg). This is because high mortality led to the selection of only a few broodstock, causing inbreeding depression, which then forced the use of wild broodstock. They reported significant responses to selection compared to the unselected control shrimps. But like any other agricultural method (though they are supposedly designed to offer advantages for society), it also has its own set of disadvantages. Charles Darwin discussed how selective breeding had been successful in producing change over time in his 1859 book, On the Origin of Species. This in turn led to failure in quantifying economic benefits that successful selective breeding programs produce. High-yielding varieties have been particularly important in agriculture. Documentation of the genetic changes was considered important as they help in fine tuning further selection schemes.[17]. Natural selection and survival of the fittest. It influences the production of food coming from plants in a positive way. However, the DNA sequences are not being tampered to create changes, such as genetic modifications. After one generation, a 21% increase was observed in growth and 18.4% increase in survival to TSV. It brings about discomfort to animals. The method will not able to control the creation of genes that might be inherited by the offspring. (2005). However, on the other hand, indiscriminate breeding of crossbred or hybrid animals may also result in degradation of quality. It can create offspring with different traits. It could create a genetic depression. Basically, it is performed through controlled breeding. There are many different types of forages. Moreover, this farming method can protect animals from developing diseases or deformities. In plant breeding, similar methods are used. The main objective of selective breeding is to create enhanced farm yields or items, which ultimately means that species variety is going to be compromised for the sake of a higher level of productivity and may lead to limited opportunities for the continuance of the evolutionary expansion in the future from the reason that only positive traits would remain. Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. [11] A Soviet attempt to breed lab rats with higher intelligence led to cases of neurosis severe enough to make the animals incapable of any problem solving unless drugs like phenazepam were used. If you are thinking of applying selective breeding into your crops and livestock, weigh them down to come up with a decision whether it is a great option for you. Tang et al. The results showed a 30–40% to 77.4% improvement of cold tolerance but did not provide any data for growth rate. Experiments carried out in the USSR used crossings of broodstocks to increase genetic diversity and then selected the species for traits like growth rate, exterior traits and viability, and/or adaptation to environmental conditions like variations in temperature. A Removal of Unwanted Traits One of the biggest benefits of using the process of selective breeding is the fact that you can effectively breed out traits that are unwanted.
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